Moisture Desorption Isotherms and Thermodynamic Properties of Sorghum-Based Complementary Foods
Sengev Abraham Iorfa,
Ariahu Chukwuma Charles,
Abu Joseph Oneh,
Gernah Dickson Iorwuese
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, December 2018
Pages:
23-31
Received:
23 August 2018
Accepted:
13 September 2018
Published:
22 October 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.ejb.20180602.11
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Moisture desorption and thermodynamic properties of sorghum-based complementary foods were investigated. Products were obtained from various ratios of Non-fermented sorghum (NFS), Fermented sorghum (FS), crayfish (C), Mango mesocarp (M) and fluted pumpkin leaf (P) powders. Four products, NFSMC, FSMC, NFSPC and FSPC were formulated based on 16% protein using material balance. Established procedures/methods were used for sample preparation and analyses. The equilibrium moisture contents (EMCs) generated through static gravimetric method was fitted with Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) model by polynomial regression analysis. The moisture desorption isotherms of the samples exhibited sigmoidal shape (Type II). The enthalpy of monolayer ranged from 48.12 - 61.78 kJ/mol, multilayer ranged from 44.53 - 47.98 kJ/mol and bulk water ranged from 42.98 - 44.20kJ/mol. The isosteric heat of sorption decreased with increase in moisture content while the entropy of desorption for all the products increased as their moisture contents increased. The isosteric heat and entropy of desorption exhibited asymptotic behaviour at 14% moisture content. The isokinetic temperature ranged from 376.50 - 814.14 K while the harmonic mean temperature was 297.78 K. The enthalpy-entropy compensation theory indicated that the desorption process was enthalpy controlled.
Abstract: Moisture desorption and thermodynamic properties of sorghum-based complementary foods were investigated. Products were obtained from various ratios of Non-fermented sorghum (NFS), Fermented sorghum (FS), crayfish (C), Mango mesocarp (M) and fluted pumpkin leaf (P) powders. Four products, NFSMC, FSMC, NFSPC and FSPC were formulated based on 16% prot...
Show More
Quantum Interactions of Small-Sized Neurotransmitters and of Entangled Ionotropic Receptors Accentuate the Impact of Entanglement to Consciousness
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, December 2018
Pages:
32-52
Received:
11 October 2018
Accepted:
21 November 2018
Published:
18 December 2018
DOI:
10.11648/j.ejb.20180602.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: This contribution concentrates on the evaluation of quantum processes in the brain that essentially contribute to the protection and activation of entanglement and their impact to consciousness. The corresponding calculations occur in the Fock space that represents discrete quantum fields, where the corresponding computations occur in the following succession. First, three possible weak interactions of emitted, small-sized neurotransmitters are described. These interdependencies are the attraction by electric dipole-dipole interaction, the attraction by the Morse potential and the repulsion characterized by s-wave scattering. Second, this article focus on ionotropic receptors that are embedded in a dense non-rigid grid. Anharmonic oscillators approximate these molecules, where their interactions cause grid vibrations. The determination of the expectation values of the total energy of the oscillating receptors, situated in two entangled ground states, demonstrate the existence of gap functions that shield the entanglement. This protected entanglement represents a bridge to the materialistic consciousness, and as well it refutes the dominant criticism against the quantum processes in the brain that decoherence destroys in picoseconds the entanglement (quantum coherence). The entangled entropy of the protected entangled states is not zero; what is a clear sign of entanglement. Third, consciousness activates the protected entanglement that reveals distinct positive effects, concerning the acquisition of information. Thus, the working space (associative cortices) that operates in a conscious state instantly gets compressed information on the current particular states of the cortical and subcortical components. Thereby, the emergence of consciousness is a synergetic process, which is created by the mutual interdependencies (causal circularity) of the components of the working space (synergetic agents) and the subcortical areas (synergetic “slaves”).
Abstract: This contribution concentrates on the evaluation of quantum processes in the brain that essentially contribute to the protection and activation of entanglement and their impact to consciousness. The corresponding calculations occur in the Fock space that represents discrete quantum fields, where the corresponding computations occur in the following...
Show More
